A DEEP DIVE INTO THE CHRONIC AIR POLLUTION REALITY IN BAIA MARE. PART III: AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON THE LOCAL POPULATION BETWEEN 1980 AND 2006
Valentina-Mariana Manoiu1*, Adrian Tiscovschi2, Alexandru-Ioan Craciun3
1 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, ROMANIA, valentina.mariana.manoiu@gmail.com
2 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, ROMANIA, atiscovschi@gmail.com
3 Environmental Expert, PRO BIODIVERSITAS, ROMANIA, alexandru.ioan.craciun@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
Abstract
Baia Mare, with its long-lasting mining and metallurgical tradition, is one of the country’s most problematic cities in terms of historical pollution and resulting consequences. This paper is the final chapter of a complex three-part work and aims to present a series of air pollution effects on public health in Baia Mare between 1980 and 2006. The first part focused on an overall view of historical air pollution sources in Baia Mare. The second part presented the evolution of air quality in Baia Mare and highlighted the chronic air pollution, consisting of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, particulate matter, and heavy metals between 1995 and 2006. The historical environmental (including air) pollution in Baia Mare had 3 main sources: National Company of Precious and Nonferrous Metals (NCPNM) - Remin Corporation; Cuprom Corporation; Romplumb Corporation. The three companies were active for decades and, until the early 2000s, environmental protection was not a priority of their technological process management. After the year 2000, investments in ecological technologies were undersized, and the 2008 economic crisis affected the companies’ activity. Air quality in Baia Mare between 1995 and 2006, as well as prior to this period, was particularly critical due to high concentrations in particulate matter with high lead and cadmium content, but also due to high sulphur dioxide concentrations between 1995 and 2000. A direct consequence of inadequate air quality was the deterioration of the city inhabitants’ health. The paper is based on data provided by the Maramureş Public Health Directorate, World Health Organization reports, Cluj Napoca Hygiene and Public Health Institute reports, as well as Romanian and foreign experts who conducted investigations on air pollution-related illnesses in the study area. Our historical analytical approach mainly aims to address the effects of the technological processes of the Cuprom and Romplumb companies on the health of their employees and of the local population. One of the main causes for the high incidence of respiratory diseases in the local population was the historical pollution in the analyzed area, which had cumulative effects over time. In addition to these illnesses, it was found that in the study area, between 1980 and 2006, a more notable deterioration of public health occurred compared to other settlements (lower life expectancy, higher overall mortality index, more frequent D2 avitaminosis and metabolic conditions linked to lead pollution, etc.), and one of the main reasons was the city’s chronic air pollution. Morbidity reports were generally dominated by acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and digestive and cardiovascular disorders. National Company of Precious and Nonferrous Metals (NCPNM) - Remin and Romplumb Corporations are currently in a state of insolvency, and Cuprom Corporation is bankrupt, which resulted in an improvement of air quality in the study area.
Keywords: Baia Mare, historical pollution, air pollution, public health, illness incidence, morbidity
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